Retraction Policy

In certain cases, retraction (withdrawal) of a published article may be necessary. Grounds for retraction include serious violations of legal, publishing, or ethical standards by the author(s).
 The journal adheres to COPE guidelines in such cases, particularly when:

• There is clear evidence that the data are unreliable or have been falsified;
• A conflict of interest was hidden or misrepresented;
• The article contains plagiarism;
• The results were previously published elsewhere without appropriate cross-referencing, permission, or justification;
• The research is reported to be unethical;
• Serious errors are identified that cast doubt on the scientific validity or lead to misinterpretation of results;
• The list of authors/sponsors contains inaccuracies (e.g., an author who qualifies was excluded, or someone who does not meet authorship criteria was included).

The decision to retract an article is made by the editorial board after reviewing a report of a potential violation, conducting an investigation, and obtaining explanations from the authors.

In the event of retraction:

• the article remains available on the journal’s website;
• a retraction notice is published, stating the reasons for the retraction;
• the article is clearly marked as “Retracted” and linked to the retraction notice.

The editorial board reserves the right to retract an article without the authors’ consent if this is necessary to ensure academic integrity.